Early animation devices.

Zoetrope:

This is a pre-animation device, which produces the illusion of movement by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing the progressive phases of movement, E.D: a child kicking a football.

Mutoscope:

Also known as "what the butler saw" machines, due to depicting: rude, lewd and risque situations, and images. They were a pre-motion picture device that worked on the same principle of a flip-book, operated via a hand crank.

Kinetoscope:

The kinetoscope was an early motion-picture exhibition device which introduced the basic approach to cinematic projection, which was used up until the advent of video.